jiejuefangan

Menene bambanci tsakanin 5G da 4G?

Menene bambanci tsakanin 5G da 4G?

 

Labarin yau ya fara da dabara.

Dalili ne mai sauƙi amma sihiri.Yana da sauƙi domin yana da haruffa uku kawai.Kuma abin mamaki ne domin wata dabara ce mai dauke da sirrin fasahar sadarwa.

Tsarin tsari shine:

 4G 5G-1_副本

Ka ba ni damar yin bayanin dabarar, wacce ita ce ainihin dabarar kimiyyar lissafi, saurin haske = tsayin tsayi * mita.

 

Game da dabara, za ku iya cewa: ko 1G ne, 2G, 3G, ko 4G, 5G, duk a kan kansa.

 

Waya?Mara waya?

Akwai nau'ikan fasahar sadarwa iri biyu kawai - sadarwar waya da sadarwar waya.

Idan na kira ku, bayanan bayanan ko dai a cikin iska (marasa ganuwa da marar ganuwa) ko kayan jiki (na bayyane da bayyane).

 

 

 4G 5G-2

Idan ana yada ta akan kayan jiki, sadarwar waya ce.Ana amfani da wayar jan ƙarfe, fiber na gani, da sauransu, duk ana magana da su azaman hanyar sadarwa.

Lokacin da aka watsa bayanai akan kafofin watsa labarai masu waya, ƙimar na iya kaiwa ga ƙima mai girma.

Misali, a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, matsakaicin saurin fiber guda ya kai 26Tbps;shi ne sau dubu ashirin da shida na gargajiya na USB.

 

 4G 5G-3

 

Fiber na gani

Sadarwar iska ita ce ginshiƙin sadarwar wayar hannu.

Ma'aunin wayar hannu na yau da kullun shine 4G LTE, saurin ka'ida na 150Mbps kawai (ban da tara mai ɗaukar kaya).Wannan ba komai bane idan aka kwatanta da na USB.

4G 5G-4

 

Don haka,idan 5G yana son cimma babban sauri-zuwa-ƙarshe, mahimmin mahimmin abu shine kutse ta cikin kwalbar mara waya.

Kamar yadda muka sani, sadarwa mara waya ita ce amfani da igiyoyin lantarki don sadarwa.Taguwar lantarki da raƙuman haske duka igiyoyin lantarki ne.

Mitar sa yana ƙayyade aikin igiyar lantarki.Raƙuman wutar lantarki na mitoci daban-daban suna da halaye daban-daban don haka suna da sauran amfani.

Misali, haskoki na gamma masu girma suna da mutuƙar mutuwa kuma ana iya amfani da su don magance ciwace-ciwace.

 4G 5G-5

 

A halin yanzu muna amfani da fitattun igiyoyin lantarki don sadarwa.Tabbas, akwai haɓakar hanyoyin sadarwa na gani, kamar LIFI.

 4G 5G-6

LiFi (amincin haske), sadarwar haske mai gani.

 

Bari mu dawo kan raƙuman rediyo tukuna.

Kayan lantarki na cikin nau'in igiyar lantarki.Abubuwan mitar sa suna da iyaka.

Mun raba mitar zuwa sassa daban-daban kuma mun sanya su ga abubuwa daban-daban da amfani da su don guje wa tsangwama da rikici.

Sunan band Gajarta lambar ITU Band Yawaita da Tsawon Wave Misali Amfani
Matsakaicin Karancin Mita Farashin ELF 1 3-30Hz100,000-10,000km Sadarwa tare da jiragen ruwa
Matsakaicin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafa SLF 2 30-300Hz10,000-1,000km Sadarwa tare da jiragen ruwa
Matsakaicin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafa ULF 3 300-3,000Hz1,000-100km Sadarwar Submarine, Sadarwa a cikin ma'adinai
Matsakaicin Karancin Matsala VLF 4 3-30 kHz100-10km Kewayawa, siginonin lokaci, sadarwar jirgin ruwa, na'urori masu auna bugun zuciya mara waya, geophysics
Ƙananan Mita LF 5 30-300 kHz10-1km Kewayawa, siginar lokaci, AM Longwave watsa shirye-shirye (Turai da sassan Asiya), RFID, rediyo mai son
Matsakaici Mita MF 6 300-3,000KHz1,000-100m AM (matsakaici-kalagu) watsa shirye-shirye, radiyo mai son, tambarin dusar ƙanƙara
Babban Mita HF 7 3-30 MHz100-10M Watsa shirye-shirye na gajeriyar igiyar ruwa, rediyon band ɗin jama'a, rediyo mai son da kuma sadarwar jirgin sama sama-sama, RFID, radar sama-sama, kafa hanyar haɗin kai ta atomatik (ALE) / abubuwan da ke faruwa a kusa da skywave (NVIS) sadarwar rediyo, marine da wayar rediyo ta hannu.
Maɗaukakiyar mita VHF 8 30-300 MHz10-1m FM, watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin, layin-ganin kasa-da-jirgi da sadarwa na jirgin sama-da-jirgi, sadarwar wayar tafi da gidanka da na ruwa, rediyo mai son, rediyon yanayi
Maɗaukakin mita UHF 9 300-3,000MHz1-0.1m Watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin, tanda microwave, na'urorin microwave / sadarwa, ilimin taurari na rediyo, wayoyin hannu, LAN mara waya, Bluetooth, ZigBee, GPS da rediyon hanyoyi biyu kamar wayar hannu ta ƙasa, rediyon FRS da GMRS, rediyo mai son, rediyon tauraron dan adam, Tsarin sarrafawa, ADSB
Super High mita SHF 10 3-30GHz100-10 mm Taurari na rediyo, na'urorin microwave / sadarwa, LAN mara waya, DSRC, mafi yawan radar zamani, tauraron dan adam sadarwa, watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na USB da tauraron dan adam, DBS, rediyo mai son, tauraron dan adam radio
Matukar high mita EHF 11 30-300GHz10-1 mm Tauraron taurari na rediyo, babban mitar rediyon microwave, jin nesa na microwave, rediyo mai son, makamin da aka kai tsaye, na'urar daukar hoto ta millimeter, Wireless Lan 802.11ad
Terahertz ko Babban mita mai girma Farashin THF 12 300-3,000GHz1-0.1 mm  Hoton gwaji na likita don maye gurbin haskoki na X-ray, ultrafast ultrafast molecular Dynamics, condensed-matter physics, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, terahertz computing/ sadarwa, nesa nesa

 

Amfani da igiyoyin rediyo na mitoci daban-daban

 

Mu yafi amfaniMF-SHFdon sadarwar wayar hannu.

Misali, “GSM900” da “CDMA800” sukan koma ga GSM da ke aiki a 900MHz da CDMA da ke gudana a 800MHz.

A halin yanzu, babban tsarin fasahar 4G LTE na duniya na UHF da SHF ne.

 

Kasar Sin ta fi amfani da SHF

 

Kamar yadda kuke gani, tare da haɓaka 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, mitar rediyon da ake amfani da shi yana ƙaruwa.

 

Me yasa?

Wannan shi ne yafi saboda girman mitar, ana samun ƙarin albarkatun mitar.Yawancin albarkatun mitar suna samuwa, mafi girman adadin watsawa za a iya cimma.

Maɗaukakin mita yana nufin ƙarin albarkatu, wanda ke nufin saurin sauri.

 4G 5G-7

 

Don haka, menene 5G ke amfani da takamaiman mitoci?

Kamar yadda aka nuna a kasa:

Matsakaicin mitar 5G ya kasu kashi biyu: ɗaya yana ƙasa da 6GHz, wanda bai bambanta da 2G na yanzu, 3G, 4G ba, ɗayan kuma mai girma, sama da 24GHz.

A halin yanzu, 28GHz shine jagorar rukunin gwaji na duniya (ƙaran mitar na iya zama rukunin mitar kasuwanci na farko don 5G)

 

Idan aka ƙidaya ta 28GHz, bisa ga dabarar da muka ambata a sama:

 

 4G 5G-8

 

To, wannan shine farkon fasalin fasaha na 5G

 

Millimeta-kalaman

Bani damar sake nuna tebirin mitar:

 

Sunan band Gajarta lambar ITU Band Yawaita da Tsawon Wave Misali Amfani
Matsakaicin Karancin Mita Farashin ELF 1 3-30Hz100,000-10,000km Sadarwa tare da jiragen ruwa
Matsakaicin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafa SLF 2 30-300Hz10,000-1,000km Sadarwa tare da jiragen ruwa
Matsakaicin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafa ULF 3 300-3,000Hz1,000-100km Sadarwar Submarine, Sadarwa a cikin ma'adinai
Matsakaicin Karancin Matsala VLF 4 3-30 kHz100-10km Kewayawa, siginonin lokaci, sadarwar jirgin ruwa, na'urori masu auna bugun zuciya mara waya, geophysics
Ƙananan Mita LF 5 30-300 kHz10-1km Kewayawa, siginar lokaci, AM Longwave watsa shirye-shirye (Turai da sassan Asiya), RFID, rediyo mai son
Matsakaici Mita MF 6 300-3,000KHz1,000-100m AM (matsakaici-kalagu) watsa shirye-shirye, radiyo mai son, tambarin dusar ƙanƙara
Babban Mita HF 7 3-30 MHz100-10M Watsa shirye-shirye na gajeriyar igiyar ruwa, rediyon band ɗin jama'a, rediyo mai son da kuma sadarwar jirgin sama sama-sama, RFID, radar sama-sama, kafa hanyar haɗin kai ta atomatik (ALE) / abubuwan da ke faruwa a kusa da skywave (NVIS) sadarwar rediyo, marine da wayar rediyo ta hannu.
Maɗaukakiyar mita VHF 8 30-300 MHz10-1m FM, watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin, layin-ganin kasa-da-jirgi da sadarwa na jirgin sama-da-jirgi, sadarwar wayar tafi da gidanka da na ruwa, rediyo mai son, rediyon yanayi
Maɗaukakin mita UHF 9 300-3,000MHz1-0.1m Watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin, tanda microwave, na'urorin microwave / sadarwa, ilimin taurari na rediyo, wayoyin hannu, LAN mara waya, Bluetooth, ZigBee, GPS da rediyon hanyoyi biyu kamar wayar hannu ta ƙasa, rediyon FRS da GMRS, rediyo mai son, rediyon tauraron dan adam, Tsarin sarrafawa, ADSB
Super High mita SHF 10 3-30GHz100-10 mm Taurari na rediyo, na'urorin microwave / sadarwa, LAN mara waya, DSRC, mafi yawan radar zamani, tauraron dan adam sadarwa, watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na USB da tauraron dan adam, DBS, rediyo mai son, tauraron dan adam radio
Matukar high mita EHF 11 30-300GHz10-1 mm Tauraron taurari na rediyo, babban mitar rediyon microwave, jin nesa na microwave, rediyo mai son, makamin da aka kai tsaye, na'urar daukar hoto ta millimeter, Wireless Lan 802.11ad
Terahertz ko Babban mita mai girma Farashin THF 12 300-3,000GHz1-0.1 mm  Hoton gwaji na likita don maye gurbin haskoki na X-ray, ultrafast ultrafast molecular Dynamics, condensed-matter physics, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, terahertz computing/ sadarwa, nesa nesa

 

Da fatan za a kula da layin ƙasa.A ba hakamillimeter - kalaman!

To, tun da manyan mitoci suna da kyau, me ya sa ba mu yi amfani da mitoci masu yawa a da ba?

 

Dalilin yana da sauki:

–Ba wai ba kwa son amfani da shi ba.Shi ne cewa ba za ku iya ba.

 

Halayen ban mamaki na raƙuman ruwa na lantarki: mafi girman mitar, mafi guntu tsayin raƙuman raƙuman ruwa, mafi kusa da yaduwa na layi (mafi muni da ikon rarrabawa).Mafi girman mita, mafi girma attenuation a cikin matsakaici.

Dubi alƙalamin Laser ɗinku (tsawon tsayinsa kusan 635nm).Hasken da ke fitowa yana tsaye.Idan kun toshe shi, ba za ku iya shiga ba.

 

Sannan duba hanyoyin sadarwar tauraron dan adam da kewayawa GPS (tsawon tsayin ya kai kusan 1cm).Idan akwai toshewa, ba za a sami sigina ba.

Babban tukunyar tauraron dan adam dole ne a daidaita shi don nuna tauraron dan adam zuwa madaidaiciyar hanya, ko ma ɗan kuskure zai shafi ingancin siginar.

Idan sadarwar wayar hannu ta yi amfani da maɗaukakin maɗaukakin mita, babbar matsalarta ita ce gajeriyar tazarar watsawa, kuma ƙarfin ɗaukar hoto yana raguwa sosai.

Don rufe yanki ɗaya, adadin tashoshin tushe na 5G da ake buƙata zai wuce 4G sosai.

4G 5G-9

Menene adadin tashoshin tushe ke nufi?Kudi, zuba jari, da farashi.

Ƙananan mitar, mafi arha hanyar sadarwar za ta kasance, kuma mafi yawan gasa zai kasance.Shi ya sa duk dillalai suka yi kokawa don ƙaramar makada.

Wasu makada ma ana kiransu – maƙallan mitar gwal.

 

Don haka, dangane da dalilan da ke sama, a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓaka mai yawa, don rage tsadar farashin ginin cibiyar sadarwa, 5G dole ne ya sami sabuwar hanyar fita.

 

Kuma menene mafita?

 

Na farko, akwai micro base station.

 

Micro base station

Akwai tashoshin tushe iri biyu, ƙananan tashoshi da macro base tashoshi.Dubi sunan, kuma tashar tashar ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ne;tashar tushe macro tana da girma.

 

 

Macro base station:

Don rufe babban yanki.

 4G 5G-10

Micro base station:

Karami sosai.

 4G 5G-11 4G 5G-12

 

 

Yawancin ƙananan tashoshi yanzu, musamman a cikin birane da cikin gida, galibi ana iya gani.

A nan gaba, idan ana maganar 5G, za a sami wasu da yawa, kuma za a sanya su a ko'ina, kusan ko'ina.

Kuna iya tambaya, shin za a sami wani tasiri a jikin mutum idan yawancin tashoshin tushe suna kusa?

 

Amsata ita ce –a’a.

Yawancin tashoshi na tushe, ƙananan radiation akwai.

Ka yi la'akari da shi, a cikin hunturu, a cikin gida tare da gungun mutane, shin ya fi kyau a sami tukunyar wutar lantarki ɗaya ko da yawa masu zafi?

Ƙananan tashar tushe, ƙananan wuta kuma dace da kowa da kowa.

Idan babban tashar tushe kawai, radiation yana da mahimmanci kuma yayi nisa sosai, babu sigina.

 

Ina eriya?

Shin kun lura cewa wayoyin salula na da doguwar eriya a baya, kuma wayoyin hannu na farko suna da kananan eriya?Me ya sa ba mu da eriya yanzu?

 

 4G 5G-13

To, ba wai muna bukatar eriya ba;shi ne cewa eriyanmu suna ƙara ƙanƙanta.

Dangane da halayen eriya, tsayin eriya yakamata ya zama daidai da tsayin raƙuman ruwa, kusan tsakanin 1/10 ~ 1/4

 

 4G 5G-14

 

Yayin da lokaci ya canza, mitar sadarwa ta wayoyin salula na karuwa, kuma tsayin daka yana raguwa kuma yana raguwa, kuma eriya ma za ta yi sauri.

Sadarwar millimeter-wave, eriya kuma ta zama matakin-milimita

 

Wannan yana nufin ana iya shigar da eriya gaba ɗaya cikin wayar hannu har ma da eriya da yawa.

Wannan shine maɓalli na uku na 5G

MIMO mai girma (Fasaha na eriya da yawa)

MIMO, wanda ke nufin shigarwa da yawa, fitarwa da yawa.

A zamanin LTE, muna da MIMO, amma adadin eriya bai yi yawa ba, kuma ana iya cewa shine farkon sigar MIMO.

A zamanin 5G, fasahar MIMO ta zama ingantaccen sigar Massive MIMO.

Ana iya cika wayar salula da eriya da yawa, balle hasumiya ta hannu.

 

A cikin tashar tushe da ta gabata, akwai ƴan eriya kaɗan.

 

A zamanin 5G, ba a auna adadin eriya ta guntu ba amma ta hanyar tsararrun eriya ta “Array”.

 4G 5G-154G 5G-16

Duk da haka, kada eriya su kasance kusa da juna.

 

Saboda halayen eriya, tsararrun eriya da yawa na buƙatar a kiyaye nisa tsakanin eriya sama da rabin tsawon zango.Idan sun kusanci juna, za su shiga tsakani da juna kuma suna shafar watsawa da karɓar sakonni.

 

Lokacin da tashar tushe ke watsa sigina, yana kama da kwan fitila.

 4G 5G-17

Ana fitar da siginar zuwa kewaye.Don haske, ba shakka, shine haskaka ɗakin duka.Idan kawai don kwatanta wani yanki ko wani abu, yawancin hasken ya ɓace.

 

 4G 5G-18

 

Tashar tushe daya ce;ana barnatar da makamashi da albarkatu masu yawa.

Don haka, idan za mu iya samun hannun marar ganuwa don ɗaure hasken da ya warwatse?

Wannan ba kawai yana adana makamashi ba har ma yana tabbatar da cewa yankin da za a haskaka yana da isasshen haske.

 

Amsar ita ce eh.

Wannan shineBeamforming

 

Ƙaƙwalwar haske ko tace sararin samaniya dabara ce ta sarrafa sigina da ake amfani da ita a cikin jerin firikwensin don watsa siginar jagora ko liyafar.Ana samun wannan ta hanyar haɗa abubuwa a cikin tsararrun eriya ta yadda sigina a wasu kusurwoyi na musamman su fuskanci tsangwama mai ma'ana yayin da wasu ke fuskantar tsangwama mai lalacewa.Ana iya amfani da beamforming a duka watsawa da ƙarshen karɓa don cimma zaɓin sarari.

 

 4G 5G-19

 

Wannan fasaha mai jujjuyawar sararin samaniya ta canza daga ɗaukar nauyin siginar ko'ina zuwa madaidaicin sabis na jagora, ba za ta tsoma baki tsakanin katako a sarari ɗaya don samar da ƙarin hanyoyin sadarwa ba, haɓaka ƙarfin sabis na tashar tushe.

 

 

A cikin hanyar sadarwar wayar hannu ta yanzu, ko da mutane biyu suna kiran juna fuska da fuska, ana isar da siginar ta tashoshin tushe, gami da siginar sarrafawa da fakitin bayanai.

Amma a zamanin 5G, wannan yanayin ba lallai ba ne.

Muhimman fasalin 5G na biyar -D2Dshine na'urar zuwa na'urar.

 

A zamanin 5G, idan masu amfani da juna biyu a ƙarƙashin tashar tushe guda ɗaya suke sadarwa da juna, ba za a ƙara tura bayanansu ta tashar ba sai dai kai tsaye zuwa wayar hannu.

Ta wannan hanyar, yana adana albarkatun iska mai yawa kuma yana rage matsa lamba akan tashar tushe.

 

 4G 5G-20

 

Amma, idan kuna tunanin ba dole ba ne ku biya ta wannan hanyar, to kun yi kuskure.

 

Hakanan ana buƙatar saƙon sarrafawa daga tashar tushe;kuna amfani da albarkatun bakan.Ta yaya Ma'aikata za su kyale ku?

 

Fasahar sadarwa ba ta sirri ba ce;a matsayin kambi na fasahar sadarwa, 5G ba fasahar juyin juya hali ba ce da ba za a iya kaiwa ba;shi ne mafi haɓakar fasahar sadarwar data kasance.

Kamar yadda wani masani ya ce-

Iyakar fasahar sadarwa ba ta iyakance ga iyakoki na fasaha ba amma abubuwan da suka dogara da matsananciyar lissafi, wanda ba zai yuwu a karya ba da daɗewa ba.

Kuma yadda za a ci gaba da bincika yuwuwar sadarwa a cikin iyakokin ka'idodin kimiyya shi ne bin diddigin mutane da yawa a cikin masana'antar sadarwa.

 

 

 

 

 

 


Lokacin aikawa: Juni-02-2021