Ƙarni na gaba na fasaha mara waya yana cike da ƙalubale, amma hakan bai rage saurin gudu ba.
Wannan fasaha tana alfahari da ƙimar bayanai masu yawa, ƙarancin jinkiri fiye da 4G LTE, da kuma ikon sarrafa ƙara yawan adadin na'ura a kowane rukunin salula.A taƙaice, ita ce mafi kyawun fasaha don ɗaukar kwararar bayanan da na'urori masu auna firikwensin kera motoci, na'urorin IoT da, haɓaka, na'urorin lantarki na gaba.
Ƙarfin da ke bayan wannan fasaha sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ce ta iska wacce za ta baiwa masu gudanar da hanyar sadarwa ta wayar hannu damar samun ingantacciyar inganci tare da raba irin wannan bakan.Sabuwar tsarin cibiyar sadarwa zai sauƙaƙa aiki tare da sassan 5G cibiyoyin sadarwa ta hanyar ba ku damar ware nau'ikan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da yawa dangane da takamaiman bukatun zirga-zirga.
"Yana da game da bandwidth da latency," in ji Michael Thompson, RF Solutions Architect a Cadence's Custom ICs da PCBs Group.“Yaya sauri zan iya samun adadi mai yawa na bayanai?Wani fa'ida shine wannan tsari ne mai ƙarfi, don haka yana ceton ni matsalar ɗaure tashar gaba ɗaya ko tashoshi masu yawa.Wannan yayi kama da kayan aiki akan buƙata, ya danganta da aikace-aikacen.Wannan shi ne abin da.Don haka, ya fi sassauƙa fiye da daidaitattun tsararrun da suka gabata.Bugu da kari, karfinsa ya fi yawa.”
Wannan yana buɗe sabbin damar aikace-aikacen a rayuwar yau da kullun, a abubuwan wasanni, a cikin masana'antu da sufuri."Idan na sanya isassun na'urori masu auna firikwensin a cikin jirgin sama, zan iya sarrafa shi, kuma tare da aikace-aikacen kamar koyon injin, zai fara fahimtar lokacin da ake buƙatar gyara ko maye gurbin wani sashi, tsarin ko tsari," in ji Thompson.“Don haka akwai wani jirgin sama da ya bi ta kasar kuma zai sauka a LaGuardia.Jira, wani zai zo ya maye gurbinsa.Wannan yana zuwa ga kayan aikin motsa ƙasa, da kayan aikin hakar ma'adinai inda tsarin ke kula da kansa.Kuna so ku hana waɗannan na'urori na miliyoyin daloli daga faɗuwa don kada su zauna a can suna jiran sassan da za a aika. Za ku sami bayanai daga dubban waɗannan raka'a a lokaci guda. Yana ɗaukar bandwidth mai yawa. da rashin jinkiri don samun bayanai cikin sauri. Idan kuna buƙatar juyawa ku aika da wani abu, ku ma kuna iya aikawa da sauri."
Fasaha ɗaya, aiwatarwa da yawa Ana amfani da kalmar 5G ta hanyoyi daban-daban a kwanakin nan.A cikin tsarinsa na gabaɗaya, wannan shine juyin halitta na fasaha mara waya ta salula wanda zai ba da damar sarrafa sabbin ayyuka ta hanyar daidaitaccen tsarin iska, in ji Colin Alexander, darektan tallace-tallacen mara waya na kasuwancin kayayyakin more rayuwa na Arm."Za a keɓe da yawa data kasance da sabbin mitoci don ɗaukar zirga-zirga daga sub-1 GHz a kan nisa mai nisa, kewayen birni da faɗuwar ɗaukar hoto, da zirga-zirgar miliyota daga 26 zuwa 60 GHz don sabon ƙarfin ƙarfi, ƙarancin amfani."
Ƙungiyar Sadarwar Sadarwar Wayar Hannu ta Gaba (NGMN) da sauransu sun ƙirƙira bayanin kula da ke nuna amfani da lokuta a maki uku na alwatika - kusurwa ɗaya don ingantaccen watsa shirye-shiryen wayar hannu, ɗayan don ingantaccen sadarwa mara ƙarfi (URLLC).Nau'in injin sadarwa.Kowannensu yana buƙatar nau'in cibiyar sadarwa daban-daban don bukatun su.
"Wannan yana haifar da wani abin da ake buƙata don 5G, abin da ake buƙata don ayyana cibiyar sadarwa mai mahimmanci," in ji Alexander."Cibiyar hanyar sadarwa za ta daidaita duk waɗannan nau'ikan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa."
Ya lura cewa masu gudanar da hanyar sadarwa ta wayar hannu suna aiki don samar da ingantaccen haɓakawa da haɓaka hanyoyin sadarwar su, ta yin amfani da kayan aikin software na zahiri da kwantena waɗanda ke gudana akan daidaitaccen kayan aikin kwamfuta a cikin gajimare.
Dangane da nau'ikan zirga-zirgar URLLC, waɗannan aikace-aikacen yanzu ana iya sarrafa su daga gajimare.Amma wannan yana buƙatar matsar da wasu sarrafawa da ayyukan mai amfani kusa da gefen hanyar sadarwa, zuwa hanyar sadarwa ta iska.Misali, yi la'akari da mutummutumi masu hankali a masana'antu waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwar jinkiri don dalilai na tsaro da inganci.Wannan yana buƙatar tubalan ƙididdiga masu ƙima, kowanne tare da ƙididdigewa, ajiya, haɓakawa, da damar koyon injin, da kuma cewa wasu amma ba duka V2X da sabis na aikace-aikacen mota ba za su sami buƙatu iri ɗaya, in ji Alexander.
"A cikin yanayin da ake buƙatar ƙarancin jinkiri, ana iya sake motsa aiki zuwa gefen don ƙididdigewa da sadarwa hanyoyin V2X.Idan aikace-aikacen ya fi game da sarrafa albarkatu, kamar filin ajiye motoci ko bin diddigin masana'anta, ƙira na iya zama babban lissafin girgije."a kan na'urar", - in ji shi.
Zayyana don 5G Ga injiniyoyin ƙira waɗanda ke da alhakin kera kwakwalwan kwamfuta na 5G, akwai sassa masu motsi da yawa a cikin wuyar warwarewa, kowanne yana da nasa tsarin la'akari.Misali, a tashoshin tushe, daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin ita ce amfani da wutar lantarki.
Geoff Tate, Shugaba na Flex Logix ya ce "Mafi yawan tashoshin tushe an tsara su tare da ci-gaba na ASIC da fasahar fasahar FPGA."“A halin yanzu, an tsara su ta hanyar amfani da SerDes, waɗanda ke cinye ƙarfi da yawa kuma suna ɗaukar sarari da yawa.Idan za ku iya gina shirye-shirye a cikin ASIC za ku iya rage yawan amfani da wutar lantarki da sawun sawun saboda ba ku buƙatar SerDes don yin saurin kashe guntu kuma kuna da ƙarin bandwidth tsakanin dabaru na shirye-shirye kuma ASICs Intel na yin hakan ta hanyar sanya Xeons da Altera FPGA a cikin Kunshin guda ɗaya Don haka kuna samun ƙarin bandwidth sau 100 Abubuwa masu ban sha'awa game da tashoshin tushe Na farko, kuna haɓaka fasahar sannan zaku iya siyarwa da amfani da ita a duk faɗin duniya.Tare da wayar hannu, za ku iya ƙirƙira nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri ne.
Abubuwan buƙatun sun bambanta don na'urorin da aka tura a cikin cibiyar sadarwa ta asali da kuma cikin gajimare.Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman la'akari shine tsarin gine-gine wanda ke sauƙaƙa sarrafa software da sauƙin amfani da lokuta zuwa na'urori.
"Tsarin yanayi na ma'auni don kula da sabis na ganga mai inganci kamar OPNFV (Open Platform for Network Function Virtualization) yana da mahimmanci," in ji Arm's Alexander."Sarrafa hulɗar tsakanin abubuwan cibiyar sadarwa da zirga-zirga tsakanin na'urori ta hanyar ƙungiyar sabis kuma zai zama maɓalli.ONAP (Open Network Automation Platform) misali ne.Amfani da wutar lantarki da ingancin na'urar suma zaɓin ƙira ne na maɓalli."
A gefen hanyar sadarwa, buƙatun sun haɗa da ƙarancin jinkiri, babban bandwidth matakin mai amfani, da ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki.
"Masu hanzari suna buƙatar samun sauƙin tallafawa buƙatun ƙididdiga daban-daban waɗanda ba koyaushe mafi kyawun amfani da babban manufar CPU ba," in ji Alexander.Ƙarfin ma'auni yana da mahimmanci.Taimako ga gine-ginen da ke iya sauƙi tsakanin ASICs, ASSPs, da FPGAs yana da mahimmanci, kamar yadda za a rarraba ƙididdiga na gefe a fadin cibiyoyin sadarwa na kowane girman kuma akan kowace na'ura.Hakanan haɓaka software yana da mahimmanci. "
5G kuma zai iya haifar da canje-canje ga tsarin gine-ginen chipset, musamman inda ake samun radiyo.Ron Lowman ya ce yayin da ana sanya ƙarshen gaban analog na mafita na LTE akan rediyo, injin sarrafa, ko kuma haɗaka sosai, lokacin da ƙungiyoyin ƙira suka ƙaura zuwa sabbin fasahohi, waɗannan gaba-gaba yawanci suna fita daga guntu da farko sannan su koma kan sa. .kamar yadda fasaha ke ci gaba He, Synopsys IoT Strategic Marketing Manager.
"Tare da zuwan 5G, ana sa ran cewa radiyo da yawa, fasahar ci gaba da fasaha, da sauri, ƙananan fasahar fasaha irin su 12nm da sama za su taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abubuwan da aka haɗa," in ji Lowman."Wannan yana buƙatar masu canza bayanan da ke shiga cikin haɗin analog don samun damar sarrafa gigasamples a cikin dakika ɗaya.Babban dogaro kuma koyaushe yana da mahimmanci.Abubuwa kamar buɗaɗɗen bakan da amfani da Wi-Fi suna sa ya fi wahala fiye da yadda yake a da.Ƙoƙarin magance duk abin ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba, kuma koyo na inji da basirar wucin gadi na iya dacewa da yin wasu ayyuka masu wuyar gaske.Wannan, bi da bi, yana shafar gine-gine, saboda yana ɗaukar nauyi ba kawai sarrafawa ba, har ma da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
Thompson na Cadence ya yarda."Yayin da muke haɓaka 5G ko IoT don matsayi mafi girma na 802.11 har ma da wasu la'akari da ADAS, muna ƙoƙarin rage yawan amfani da wutar lantarki, zama mai rahusa, ƙarami da haɓaka aiki ta hanyar ƙaura zuwa ƙananan nodes.Kwatanta hakan da abubuwan da ke tattare da ku, wanda aka lura a cikin Tarayyar Rasha, ”in ji shi."Yayin da nodes ke ƙarami, ICs suna raguwa.Domin IC yayi cikakken amfani da ƙaramin girmansa, yana buƙatar kasancewa cikin ƙaramin kunshin.Akwai yunƙurin ganin abubuwa su kasance ƙanƙanta kuma su kasance masu ƙarfi, amma wannan ba abu ne mai kyau ba.”don RF Design.“…a cikin simulation, bana damuwa da yawa game da tasirin da’ira akan rarrabawa.Idan ina da guntun karfe, yana iya zama kamar resistor kadan, amma yana kama da resistor a kowane mitoci.Idan tasirin RF ne, to, layin watsawa ne, zai bambanta dangane da mitar da nake aikawa a kai. Wadannan filayen za a kunna su a wasu sassan sarkar. Yanzu na tattara komai kusa da juna kuma lokacin da ya dace. Lokacin da na isa ga ƙananan nodes, waɗannan tasirin haɗin gwiwar sun zama mafi mahimmanci, wanda ke nufin cewa ƙarfin lantarki yana da ƙarami. Don haka amo yana da babban tasiri saboda ba na son na'urar ba. ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki, matakin amo ɗaya yana da ƙarin tasiri. Yawancin waɗannan matsalolin suna nan a matakin tsarin a 5G. "
Sabon mayar da hankali kan dogaro Dogara ya ɗauki sabon ma'ana a cikin sadarwa mara waya kamar yadda ake amfani da waɗannan kwakwalwan kwamfuta a cikin kera motoci, masana'antu da aikace-aikacen likita.Wannan gabaɗaya baya da alaƙa da sadarwa mara waya, inda gazawar haɗin gwiwa, lalacewar aiki, ko duk wani batun da zai iya tarwatsa sabis ɗin ana ganin gabaɗaya a matsayin rashin jin daɗi maimakon batun tsaro.
"Muna buƙatar nemo sababbin hanyoyin da za a tabbatar da cewa kwakwalwan kwamfuta masu aminci za su yi aiki da aminci," in ji Roland Jahnke, Shugaban Hanyoyin Zane a Fraunhofer EAS.“A matsayinmu na masana’antu, har yanzu ba mu zo nan ba.Muna ƙoƙarin tsara tsarin ci gaba a yanzu.Muna buƙatar duba yadda sassa da kayan aiki ke hulɗa, kuma muna da ayyuka da yawa don tabbatar da daidaito. "
Jahnke ya lura cewa ya zuwa yanzu yawancin matsalolin sun kasance saboda kuskuren ƙira ɗaya.“Idan akwai kwari biyu ko uku fa?Ya kamata mai tabbatarwa ya gaya wa mai ƙira abin da zai iya faruwa ba daidai ba da kuma inda kurakuran suke, sannan a mirgine su a lokacin aikin ƙira."
Wannan ya zama babban batu a yawancin kasuwanni masu mahimmanci na aminci, kuma babban batu tare da mara waya da mota shine yawan karuwar masu canji a bangarorin biyu."Wasu daga cikinsu dole ne a tsara su don su kasance a koyaushe," in ji Oliver King, CTO na Moortec."Tsarin samfurin kafin lokaci zai iya yin hasashen yadda za a yi amfani da abubuwa.Yana da wuya a iya hasashen.Zai ɗauki lokaci don ganin yadda al'amura ke gudana."
Ana buƙatar hanyar sadarwar ƙauyen.Koyaya, isassun kamfanoni suna jin cewa 5G yana da isassun fa'idodi don tabbatar da ƙoƙarin gina abubuwan more rayuwa da ake buƙata don yin aiki duka.
Magdi Abadir, mataimakin shugaban tallace-tallace a Helic, ya ce babban bambanci da 5G shine saurin bayanan da aka bayar.“5G na iya aiki da gudu daga 10 zuwa 20 gigabits a sakan daya.Dole ne kayan aikin su goyi bayan nau'in ƙimar canja wurin bayanai, kuma dole ne kwakwalwan kwamfuta sarrafa wannan bayanan mai shigowa.Don masu karɓa da masu watsawa a cikin makada sama da 100 GB, dole ne a yi la'akari da mitar.A cikin Tarayyar Rasha, ana amfani da su zuwa mitar 70 GHz don radar da makamantansu. ”
Ƙirƙirar wannan ababen more rayuwa aiki ne mai sarƙaƙƙiya wanda ke da alaƙa da yawa a cikin sarkar samar da kayan lantarki.
"Sihirin da ake magana game da hakan ya faru yana ƙoƙarin yin ƙarin haɗin kai a gefen RF na SoC," in ji Abadir.Haɗin kai tare da abubuwan haɗin ADC na analog da DAC tare da ƙimar ƙima sosai.Dole ne a haɗa komai cikin SoC iri ɗaya.Mun ga haɗin kai kuma mun tattauna batutuwan haɗin kai, amma wannan yana wuce gona da iri saboda yana kafa babban buri kuma yana tilasta masu haɓakawa su haɗa kai fiye da yadda ake tsammani a baya.Yana da matukar wahala a ware komai kuma kada ya shafi da'irori makwabta."
Daga wannan ra'ayi, 2G shine watsawar murya da farko, yayin da 3G da 4G sun fi watsa bayanai da ingantaccen tallafi.Akasin haka, 5G yana wakiltar yaduwar na'urori daban-daban, ayyuka daban-daban da haɓaka bandwidth.
"Sabbin nau'ikan amfani da su kamar haɓakar watsa shirye-shiryen wayar hannu da ƙananan latency haɗin gwiwa suna buƙatar haɓakar 10x a cikin bandwidth," in ji Mike Fitton, Mai Tsare Tsare Tsare da Ƙwararrun Ci gaban Kasuwanci a Achronix."Bugu da ƙari, 5G ana tsammanin zai zama mahimmanci ga V2X, musamman ga ƙarni na gaba na 5G.5G Sakin 16 zai sami URLLC wanda ke da mahimmanci ga aikace-aikacen V2X.Aikace-aikacen nau'in hanyar sadarwa.
Shirye-shiryen makomar 5G mara tabbas ana kallon shi azaman jerin fitattun abubuwa tare da ƙarin bandwidth 10x, latency 5x, da ƙarin na'urori 5-10x.Wannan yana da rikitarwa ta gaskiyar cewa tawada a cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanai na 5G bai bushe sosai ba.Koyaushe akwai ƙarin abubuwan da suka makara waɗanda ke buƙatar sassauƙa kuma su juya zuwa shirye-shirye.
"Idan kun yi la'akari da manyan buƙatu guda biyu na hanyar haɗin bayanan hardware saboda babban bandwidth da kuma buƙatar sassauci, wannan yana nufin cewa tabbas za ku buƙaci wani nau'i na SoC ko ASIC wanda ke da ƙarin shirye-shirye tsakanin hardware da software.Idan kun kalli kowane dandamali na 5G a yau, duk sun dogara ne akan FPGAs saboda kawai ba ku ga abubuwan da ake samarwa.A wani lokaci, duk manyan OEMs mara waya na iya matsawa zuwa mafi ƙarfin tattalin arziki da ingantaccen software ASIC, amma yana buƙatar sassauci da tuƙi don rage farashi da amfani da wutar lantarki.Yana da game da kiyaye sassauci a inda kuke buƙata (a cikin FPGAs ko FPGAs masu haɗawa) sannan ƙara ayyuka inda zai yiwu don cimma mafi ƙarancin farashi da amfani da wutar lantarki."
Tate na Flex Logix ya yarda.“Fiye da kamfanoni 100 ne ke aiki a wannan yanki.Bakan ya bambanta, ƙa'idar ta bambanta, kuma guntuwar da aka yi amfani da su sun bambanta.Guntu mai maimaitawa za ta kasance mafi iyakance ga iko akan bangon gini, inda za a iya samun wurin da eFPGA ya fi daraja.
Labarai masu alaƙa Hanyar Rocky zuwa 5G Yaya nisa wannan sabuwar fasahar mara waya zata kai, kuma waɗanne ƙalubale ne ya rage a shawo kan su?Gwajin Waya Wuta Yana Fuskantar Sabbin Kalubale Zuwan 5G da sauran sabbin fasahohin waya na sa gwaji ya fi wahala.Gwajin mara waya shine mafita ɗaya mai yuwuwa.Tech Talk: Abin da 5G, sabon ma'aunin mara waya, ke nufi ga masana'antar fasaha da waɗanne ƙalubale ne ke gaba.5G Gwajin Kayan Gwaji Ya Fara Ƙarni na gaba na fasaha mara waya har yanzu yana kan ci gaba, amma masu sayar da kayan aiki a shirye suke su gwada 5G a cikin jigilar matukin jirgi.
Masana'antu sun sami ci gaba wajen fahimtar yadda tsufa ke shafar abin dogaro, amma ƙarin masu canji suna sa ya zama da wahala a gyara.
Ƙungiyar tana bincika yuwuwar kayan 2D, ƙwaƙwalwar NAND mai Layer 1000, da sabbin hanyoyin hayar gwaninta.
Haɗin kai daban-daban da haɓaka ƙima a cikin nodes na gaba-gaba suna haifar da wasu ƙalubale masu ƙalubale da ƙalubale don masana'antar IC da marufi.
Ingancin na'ura mai sarrafawa ya fi wahala fiye da ASIC na girman kwatankwacinsa, kuma na'urori na RISC-V suna ƙara wani nau'in rikitarwa.
Kamfanonin farawa 127 sun tara dala biliyan 2.6, tare da makudan kudade da aka tara ta hanyar haɗin cibiyar bayanai, ƙididdigar ƙididdigewa da batura.
Masana'antu sun sami ci gaba wajen fahimtar yadda tsufa ke shafar abin dogaro, amma ƙarin masu canji suna sa ya zama da wahala a gyara.
Ƙirar ƙira, rashin daidaituwa na thermal a cikin lokuta daban-daban na amfani na iya shafar komai daga haɓakar tsufa zuwa warping da gazawar tsarin.
Sabon ma'aunin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana ƙara fa'idodi masu mahimmanci, amma har yanzu yana da tsada kuma yana da wahalar amfani.Wannan na iya canzawa.
Lokacin aikawa: Maris 16-2023